Double Entry Accounting

Double Entry System

Debit and Credit A debit or credit entry is recorded for an account when an amount is received from a customer and a corresponding amount is credited to the seller's account. This can also be called a debit entry. In a double-entry system the debits are recorded before the credits and vice-versa. A credit entry is also recorded for an account when a debit is made. The double-entry system does not place a greater value on the credit than on the debit. A credit is recorded for an account when a specific amount of money is transferred to it, and not the aggregate of the entire accounts. For example, when a check is written the transaction is for $1, and the total amount of money transferred from the seller's account to the buyer's account is $1.

Double Entry Accounting

Suppose Alice and Bob are two businesses, and they each have a ledger. They each have $1,000 in their account. Every day, Alice enters the current balance on her ledger: $1,000. Every day, Bob enters the current balance on his ledger: $1,000. Alice credits the previous day’s balance with $1,000. Bob credits the previous day’s balance with $1,000. Every day, each side of the ledger balances out and then credits or debits each other. When Alice and Bob each enter their accounts, their entries are first credited, then debited, and then both become zero. In accounting, a double-entry system is different from a simple accounting system. A simple accounting system uses only one ledger, and the accounting numbers, transactions, and figures on a ledger are all in the same order.

Double Entry Bookkeeping

If a person tries to put a check in the bank it doesn’t mean the bank just has to give the person a credit. It also has to give them the same amount of money in their account in a different account. These two accounts must both balance in order for the bank to give them the same amount of money. This way if someone deposits $100 they are paid $100 in cash. The bank then also has to take the $100 from one of their accounts and give the money to someone else so that account is also paid out. This is what we call a debit and a credit. Everything In The Bank Changes The same thing goes for someone’s bank account. Every transaction in the account changes that person’s bank balance.

Introduction

Here is a graphic with a quick and simplified explanation of double-entry bookkeeping: You can learn more about double-entry bookkeeping in the infographic below. Timeline 1772—Andrew Jackson's wife, Rachel, passes away, causing him to leave the presidency for a period of mourning. 1835—A company known as the Industrial Credit Association (ICA) forms and offers a form of business credit where companies use this form of money for their operations. 1855—The first "automatic deposit" occurs when a bank uses numerics instead of marks. 1863—Central banks are first established. 1930—The first modern credit card is introduced in Great Britain. 1933—The first to issue automatic receipts begins in the U.S. 1977—The first debit card is introduced.

Mechanical Engineering

Most engineers work in other fields as well, though. What are mechanical engineering disciplines? The most common disciplines in mechanical engineering are mechanics and applied mechanics, drafting and design, and manufacturing and systems engineering. What is the educational background for a mechanical engineer? To become a mechanical engineer, you must first enroll in a degree program and then follow up with at least an associate degree. What are the most common job titles for mechanical engineers?

Typical work tasks

* Design and development of tools, machines, and prototypes to meet customer requirements * Development of system solutions in engineering services * Design of heavy equipment such as bearings, compressors, motors, and hydraulic systems * Design of hardware, software, and embedded system designs * Design and development of composite material, metal, and plastic parts * Research and development * Engineering services * Engineering research About Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, development, testing, and manufacture of machines and devices that are used in the industries of science, technology, and transportation

Types of mechanical engineers

First, there is mechanical engineer. Second, there is mechanical engineer supervisor. Third, there is a mechanical engineer. These terms are interchangeably used to refer to a mechanical engineer depending on the specialty. However, according to Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data, these terms are not the most commonly used. For instance, in a telephone survey of mechanical engineers, roughly two-thirds of the respondents called themselves engineers. ... When identifying a mechanical engineer, we selected occupations listed in the National Association of Manufacturers’ Manufacturing Engineering Professions/Technicians and Technologists National Occupational Classification System (MEN/TAS).

Where can you find a mechanical engineer?

To find a mechanical engineer, you can search for a mechanical engineer in your area by using sites such as Mechanical Engineers in USA. Many search engines will also allow you to search by job title such as mechanical engineer. Mechanical engineers in a school At some of the universities, mechanical engineers can specialize in: Applied Mechanics Electrical and Computer Engineering Computer Sciences and Software Engineering Chemical Engineering Material Engineering Materials Science Mathematics, or mathematics and technology Do I have to be a good student to become a mechanical engineer? Most mechanical engineers come from other majors such as computer science, math, economics, physics, engineering or another major.

Conclusion

Most people think that mechanical engineering is about building or fixing things. It is about that, but much more. Mechanical engineers use their knowledge of the physics of matter to make things move. This is done in a huge variety of ways and with a wide variety of materials. Mechanical engineers use a range of tools and structures to do this, and produce things with all sorts of properties and uses. Some people work in factories and other companies where they work on large scale and really understand the physics of the process they are working with. Mechanical engineers make things that move, or structures that move things, or manage their movement. You can find out more about what mechanical engineers do in our list of the 50 highest paying jobs in the world.

graph theory

What is Graph Theory

There are many fascinating and non-trivial properties of graphs, but we are only going to focus on one important aspect of graph theory called the treewidth of a graph, which is an abstract measure that relates how connected two objects are. For more information on graph theory, please refer to the graph theory tutorial. Is Graphing Difficult? If you are new to graphing, then you might be thinking, “is graphing hard?” Actually, the answer to this question depends a lot on the graph you want to represent. For example, if you want to draw a triangle, you don’t need to be an expert in graph theory to do so.

Types of Graphs

Graphs can be classified in many different ways, depending on their shape and what roles they play in a particular system. Here are some of the more common classifications: Euclidean Graphs A Euclidean graph is one that is composed of the same number of vertices as the number of edges in the structure. For example, the graph with four vertices and four edges could be considered to be composed of four triangles. There are many famous Euclidean graphs that are used in many different areas of mathematics, including: Equidimensional Graphs A particular kind of graph that we might see frequently in maths, especially when working with graph theory, is the special kind of graph called a simplex. Here is an example of a simplex: This is a special kind of graph with edges, but not vertices.

How to read graphs

Graphs are usually represented as an n x n matrix where the first row and the first column represent each vertex, and the last column represents the vertex edge associated with it. More explicitly, the red and green vertices of the example on the right represent the same vertex: an object that belongs to Red. It is denoted as R . The orange vertices represent the object belonging to Green. They are denoted G . The colors of the vertices are actually isomorphic to the complex numbers: if you take an assignment of real and imaginary parts and compare them, then they will have the same real part and the same imaginary part.

Types of Graphs (cont.)

There are many different types of graphs, but these are the most common: graphs with edges graphs with no edges graphs with one vertex (called a node) and one edge (called a link) graphs with more than one vertex Examples of Graphs Some examples of graph structures are: Building the Tableau Pipeline Tableau is an emerging analytics platform that can be used to visualize data in a manner that resembles graphs. Below, we'll explore the basics of the Tableau platform. Introducing the user interface to the platform will help you understand how you might use Tableau to analyze, visualize, and share data. Your brain is wired to learn in sequential ways. What a person learns at any given time is constructed incrementally.

Examples of Graphs in the Real World

Abstract Graphs Spherical and Euclidean Graphs Complete Graphs Complete Graphs such as the Perfect Geometric Universe Convoluted Graphs Lemma of the Perfect Geometric Universe For example, if a node A is connected to B and C, there must be a path from A to C and a path from B to A, in which A comes closer to C. What Is a Complex Graph? A complex graph is a graph in which each vertex has more than two neighbors. For instance, a real-world graph of four faces would be the tetrahedron.

Conclusion

So if I was to sum up the key points, we would be looking at the following 3 maps: Traveling along your iPhone’s maps when using Apple Maps, most of the time you would be using the space “Apples Maps”. If the map looks very similar to the maps you are used to, then you may be using Google Maps. Once you have found a route which seems good, press on that route with the option to change the way to travel. This will display a route which you can follow without taking an unnecessary journey. This route can have several variations, for example, if you take the outside route instead of the inside. If you’ve already picked a route and are continuing to travel along that route, the map will display your progress and your current location.

Elasticity of Demand

What Is Elasticity of Demand? A very important price indicator is the elasticity of demand (EL) of a good or service. When a product or service is sold at a price that is generally expected by consumers, but when the price is increased, the quantity demanded is likely to fall. In other words, ELO (elasticity of demand) is a measure of the responsiveness of demand to a change in price. If a price increase causes the price to rise by 3 percent or more, the percentage reduction in demand caused by that price increase will be 3 percent or less. At the same time, the percentage increase in demand that can be expected from a price decrease is much less.

The Basic Economic Model

The Keynesian model, still widely used, places the price of the good, the supply of the good and the demand for the good on two main axes: the price axis represents the quantity demanded for the good, while the supply axis represents the quantity supplied for the good. In order to figure out how much the price changes for a given change in the quantity supplied, we need to apply the relationship in the Keynesian model. The equation to do this is known as the supply and demand equation. Looking at the figure above, the supply axis can be described as: Where: Q : The quantity supplied for the good Q = Q – Q-1. = Q-1. K : The quantity demanded for the good = Q-1. K-1. And the demand axis represents the quantities demanded: QD : The quantity demanded for the good QD = Q-D-1. = Q-D-1.

Types of Elasticity

Many types of demand can be analytically modeled in such a way that one can determine the amount of elasticity of demand and the associated price elasticity. The most common in economics is the demand elasticity (DE). The demand DE of an intermediate good is given by the following equation, where g is the quantity demanded: DE = αgL + βg + εg The expression α is the elasticity of demand. ε is the elasticity of substitution, i.e., the price elasticity of demand. εa is the elasticity of marginal cost. The formula is used for intangibles such as, say, brand names, or it can be used for goods such as cars where a great deal of price and content variation is generated by variations in the output costs for various suppliers and in the profit margins of the various types of customers.

The Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand

In any environment of changing supply and demand, elasticity of demand is the factor that will have the greatest influence on the increase or decrease in prices. A change in the elasticity of demand will cause a change in the direction of the supply curve. Thus, if the demand for a good increases, a rise in price will result. The same goes for the opposite, a fall in the demand. Firms are interested in price elasticity of demand because they might have two prices, an equilibrium price and a price at which they want to increase production. When the price of a good falls, the quantity supplied will fall, which means the equilibrium price will rise.

Conclusion

In this blog post we gave an overview of the idea of buying an open-source software package. We won't go into the details of open-source licensing and development as we know there are multiple relevant resources available to help people get started with a project.The concept of buying an open-source software package revolves around the fact that more companies are choosing open-source alternatives to their products and services. That way, they are able to avoid the financial problems that are usually caused by software licensing costs.As an example, operating system vendor Linux has almost as many different types of distributions as there are desktop computer vendors.And because of this, there are different distributions of Linux which have their own advantages and disadvantages.

trigonometry

The Basics of Trigonometry

Though many modern students who pursue this career are unaware of its history, it has always been important to engineers. Pythagoras, the Pythagorean Theorem and Archimedes’ The Great Bridge are just a few of the timeless concepts that the mathematics of triangles can be applied to. Trigonometry has two primary components: arithmetic and geometry. Geometry describes geometric relationships between lines and angles. Arithmetic is the study of multiplication, division, integration, and multiplication

Trigonometric Ratios

You'll start learning about trigonometry by studying ratios—sizes of the various areas in a triangle. Because we need to know the lengths and angles of the triangles so we can measure them, we have to find the ratios between the sides of each triangle. As we learn about ratios, we'll see that the lengths and angles of each side of a triangle have a relationship to each other, and to the sides of a third triangle, which we'll also need to make and compare. In other words, we want to know what the hypotenuse (the other side of the triangle) and the other two sides of the triangle (the sides opposite the other two sides of the triangle) are. A. The Pythagorean Theorem All three sides of a triangle have the same length if the square of the opposite side is 1.

Functions of Sine and Cosine

On top of being useful for math equations, trigonometry also works as a useful skill for everyone who uses an iPhone and uses the calculator app. On their own, sin and cosines are not very complicated operations. In the first step, you need to know how to understand what a “sin” and a “cosine” is, and what the corresponding ratios are. Trig, the technical name for trigonometry, is based on two other Greek terms that are called “a sinus” and “cose.” In physics, a sinus refers to the central or resonant peak of a vibrating system, and cose refers to the amplitude of a vibration. To find the volume of a system, the sinus is divided by the cose, and this measurement becomes a measure of the dimensions of the system. In trigonometry, these measurements are called “a sinus” and “a cosine.

Functions of Tangent and Cotangent

To begin with, let’s review some important concepts in trigonometry. Tangent Tangents are a function of one side of a triangle. The tangent at any point in a triangle will tell you how much the length of the opposite side is away from the tangent line. In other words, if you are on one side of a triangle, then the tangent to that side will tell you how far from the perpendicular your other side is. For example, if you are on one side of the triangle and the opposite side is located about 10 feet away from you on the other side, the tangent would be zero (that is, it is zero from one side to the other). If your original side is 30 feet away and your opposite side is 5 feet, then the tangent would be zero.

Applications of Trigonometry

To better understand how tridimensional triangles relate to angles, let's make some triangles. Triangle area of triangle with area 2 2 + (sin + cos) 2.6 Triangle area of triangle with area 2 2.6 Right triangle with area = [(sin - cos) 2.6)2 Triangle area of triangle with area = [(sin - cos) 2.6)2 Triangle area of triangle with area = [(sin - cos) 2.6)2 Triangle area of triangle with area = [(sin - cos) 2.6)2 Triangle area of triangle with area = [(sin - cos) 2.6)2 The two triangles with equal areas and side lengths are identical. Since angles between sides and lengths are one another, they must also have the same area. And the two triangles with equal angles and sides are identical. Since angles between sides and lengths are one another, they must also have the same area.

Systems of Linear Equations

Solving Linear Systems

To solve a linear system, one simply has to divide each linear equation by the sum of the other variables in order to find the solution. This is done by substitution. There are two different equations used to find the solution for linear systems of three variables. The first equation is usually referred to as the explicit system of linear equations or equations A + B = C. The second equation is the implicit system of linear equations or equations A + B = C. In the explicit system, each variable is assigned a fixed value. For example, in the explicit system A equals 1, whereas in the implicit system, each variable has a variable value depending on which variable is being used to represent that variable.

Linear Systems in Three Variables

As you might expect, one of the most basic concepts of calculus involves the intersection of planes. A plane is defined as a three dimensional circle drawn on the plane defined by the three variables. The intersection point is the solution. Knowing that the intersection point of a plane is the solution, we can see that solving systems of linear equations using the intersection of three variables is the same as solving three plane equations. You can solve planes through the intersection of three variables by taking the derivatives. This is a single step process. In the world of math, a derivative of a function means the change in value as a function changes. An example would be a line in the plane that is bisected. That bisection creates two new lines.

Graphing Linear Systems

In trigonometry, graphs of linear systems are known as planes. Planes are three dimensional. Linear systems in Cartesian coordinate systems: The formula for constructing a plane is as follows: Consider a plane and find the linear equation between the origin of the plane and the point it divides into two. The above formula determines an invisible line, also known as a dot. The number of parallel lines passing through the origin of a plane is defined as the hypotenuse of the line. The formula for constructing a plane is as follows: Let the two equations of the plane be Let t be the length of the line and x and y be the number of such lines passing through the origin. There is one and only one solution to this system of equations.

Complex Solutions

The simplest linear equations involve real and imaginary parts of a variable, in addition to zero. The first example is the straight line equation of a line, E = 2. So the solution is 2. The second example is the equation for an ellipse, f = a + b, where a, b, and a*a are the coordinates of the ellipse. The solution is (1+b)/a. In addition, a and b are both unknown. The ellipse has two unknowns, the coordinates of the center and radius. A and b are the coordinates of the center and the radius, respectively. In addition, a and b are both unknown. The solution is the complex number (2a2b) + (1a2b), which is the distance (a*b) to the center. As long as two variables are either real or imaginary, linear systems can be solved.

Conclusion

Knowledge of how to solve linear equations is a powerful tool in your arsenal. Solving linear equations is part of many core mathematical education requirements, and I think it’s worth studying. You might even be able to write an article for me. Enjoyed this lesson? Look into Learning Algebra: Quick, Simple, and Easy Systems of Equations. It is perfect for students just starting their math education!

semiconductor

Power of Semiconductors: From Sand to Silicon Wafers

Introduction

In the rapidly advancing world of technology, semiconductor materials play a pivotal role in powering the devices we use every day. From smartphones and laptops to advanced medical equipment and space exploration, semiconductors have transformed our lives by enabling the digital revolution. In this blog post, we will dive deep into the world of semiconductors, exploring their properties, manufacturing processes, and their immense significance in shaping the future of technology.

1. What are Semiconductors?

Semiconductors are materials that have a unique property of conducting electricity at an intermediate level between conductors (like metals) and insulators (like plastics). Silicon is the most commonly used semiconductor material due to its abundance in nature and excellent electrical properties. Other semiconductor materials include germanium, gallium arsenide, and various compound semiconductors.

2. The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor

Intrinsic semiconductors are pure semiconductor materials with no impurities. They have limited conductivity and require the addition of specific impurities through a process known as doping to enhance their electrical properties. Extrinsic semiconductors, also known as doped semiconductors, can be either n-type (with added electrons) or p-type (with added holes). This controlled doping is essential for creating electronic devices like transistors and diodes.

3. Semiconductor Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing of semiconductors involves an intricate process that transforms raw materials into silicon wafers, the building blocks of electronic components. The main steps include:

• 3.1. Crystal Growth: Silicon crystals are grown through the Czochralski method, where a seed crystal is dipped into molten silicon and then slowly withdrawn. As the seed is pulled up, a large single crystal of silicon forms, which is then sliced into thin wafers.
• 3.2. Wafer Processing: The silicon wafers go through several processes, including cleaning, edge polishing, and lapping, to ensure they meet stringent quality standards.
• 3.3. Photolithography: This process involves creating patterns on the silicon wafer using light and masks. It is a crucial step in forming the intricate structures of transistors and other semiconductor components.
• 3.4. Etching: After photolithography, the silicon wafer is etched to remove unwanted material and create the desired structures.
• 3.5. Doping: By introducing specific impurities, the electrical properties of the silicon are modified, creating areas of n-type and p-type regions.
• 3.6. Oxidation: A thin layer of silicon dioxide is grown on the wafer's surface to act as an insulating layer.
• 3.7. Deposition: Thin films of materials like silicon nitride or polysilicon are deposited on the wafer using various techniques like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD).
• 3.8. Annealing: The wafer undergoes a high-temperature process to activate the dopants and repair any crystal damage caused during processing.
• 3.9. Testing: Each wafer is thoroughly tested to identify defects and ensure functionality.

4. Semiconductor Devices

Semiconductors form the basis of numerous electronic devices. Here are some essential semiconductor devices:

• 4.1. Transistors: Transistors are the fundamental building blocks of modern electronics. They act as switches or amplifiers and form the core of microprocessors and memory chips.
• 4.2. Diodes: Diodes allow current to flow in one direction, preventing flow in the opposite direction. They are crucial in converting AC to DC, as seen in power rectification.
• 4.3. Integrated Circuits (ICs): ICs are complete electronic circuits that can be comprised of millions of transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors on a single chip.
• 4.4. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs): LEDs are semiconductors that emit light when current passes through them. They are widely used in lighting, displays, and indicators.
• 4.5. Sensors: Semiconductor sensors, like photodiodes and temperature sensors, are used in various applications, including cameras, environmental monitoring, and industrial automation.

5. Emerging Trends in Semiconductors

As technology continues to advance, the semiconductor industry is witnessing exciting developments:

• 5.1. Moore's Law and Beyond: The semiconductor industry has long followed Moore's Law, which predicted the doubling of transistor density every two years. While physical limitations are approaching, innovations like 3D stacking and new materials are pushing the boundaries.
• 5.2. Quantum Computing: Quantum computing, based on quantum bits or qubits, utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex computations, promising unparalleled processing power for specific tasks.
• 5.3. Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT revolution relies heavily on semiconductor sensors and communication devices, enabling interconnected smart devices and systems.
• 5.4. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI applications, such as machine learning and neural networks, rely on specialized semiconductor chips that can perform parallel processing and handle massive amounts of data.

Conclusion

Semiconductors have transformed our world by powering the electronics that are integral to modern life. From simple diodes to complex microprocessors, these remarkable materials have driven the digital revolution and continue to shape the future of technology. As the semiconductor industry evolves, new breakthroughs and innovations will undoubtedly bring forth exciting opportunities and possibilities, propelling us into an era of even greater technological advancements.

heat and mass transfer

Heat and Mass Transfer: The Fundamentals

mechanical assignment help

What are heat and mass transfer?

Heat and mass transfer are commonly referred to as the processes by which an electric current (electromotive force) is applied to an external mechanical force and resulting heat is transferred from one body to another. A high voltage electrical circuit generates a low mechanical force. Heat transfer (also known as heat conduction) from a body to another is required to reach the object at a high temperature. The applied electrical voltage generates heat at the contact area between two material bodies. About the journal Published quarterly by Springer Nature, the journal features reviews, original papers, articles from leading scholars, conference abstracts, case studies and a dynamic communications area.

Fundamentals of thermal physics

Issued six times a year in print and online Issue Three - Heat and Mass Transfer

Fundamentals of fluid mechanics

The fundamental principle of fluid mechanics is that fluid motion is governed by mass conservation and pressure conservation, whereas surface friction provides a method of removing individual particles from fluid flow. This article provides a succinct outline of the diverse properties of fluids that we deal with in our everyday lives. To begin, we will briefly discuss the Navier-Stokes equation, which is considered the key analytical tool in fluid mechanics. The Navier-Stokes equation, which was introduced in 1807 by the French mathematician and physicist Émile Léonard de Villefière, explains how, at any given time, fluid flows over a surface in a manner that preserves the product of the speed of movement and the force of gravity.

Fundamentals of mass transfer

The conceptual science of mass transfer comprises mechanical, thermal and convective phenomena. These are used for convective cooling in low temperature systems, for heat transfer in large heat capacities and for cold plasmas. Generally, the physical phenomena of mass transfer can be divided into four main categories: static mass transfer, dynamic mass transfer, turbulent mass transfer and heat conduction. Dynamic mass transfer occurs in high temperatures, where fluid particles move through a medium and are influenced by the shear, capillary, radial and viscous forces. Sometimes, fluids at low temperature can also be considered as the solution to the equation of state of the fluid.

Conclusion

Time and time again we have found that funders are not looking for science-based results. Instead, they look for a “high impact” study. As we continue to see, money doesn’t determine research quality. In the pursuit of a high impact study, institutions like RPI rely on questionable science. Instead of working towards making a positive change in society, they are choosing to dig into relationships between race and blood test results. Is there a place for toxicology at RPI? Is there a need for true research that will improve the quality of life of the students? The answer is “No.” It’s time to bring real science back to the undergraduate science community. Let’s work towards producing results that are both well respected and effective.